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author: niplav, created: 2022-01-25, modified: 2022-02-23, language: english, status: in progress, importance: 2, confidence: likely

Some solutions to exercises in the book “Population Genetics” by John H. Gillespie. I did not simply copy out the solutions at the end of each chapter, and sometimes didn't even check the solutions against my own. Therefore, these might be faulty.

Solutions to “Population Genetics”

Chapter 1

Problem 1.1

For three it would be $A_1A_1A_1, A_1A_1A_2, A_1A_2A_2, A_1A_2A_3, A_2A_2A_2, A_2A_2A_3, A_3A_3A_3$, with 7 different genotypes.

For four it would be 32 different genotypes:

$A_1 A_1 A_1 A_1, A_1 A_1 A_1 A_2, A_1 A_1 A_1 A_3, A_1 A_1 A_1 A_4, A_1 A_1 A_2 A_2$, $A_1 A_1 A_2 A_3, A_1 A_1 A_2 A_4, A_1 A_1 A_3 A_3, A_1 A_1 A_3 A_4, A_1 A_1 A_4 A_4$, $A_1 A_2 A_2 A_2, A_1 A_2 A_2 A_3, A_1 A_2 A_2 A_4, A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4, A_1 A_2 A_4 A_4$, $A_1 A_3 A_4 A_4, A_1 A_4 A_4 A_4, A_2 A_2 A_2 A_2, A_2 A_2 A_2 A_3, A_2 A_2 A_2 A_4$, $A_2 A_2 A_3 A_3, A_2 A_2 A_3 A_4, A_2 A_2 A_4 A_4, A_2 A_3 A_3 A_3, A_2 A_3 A_3 A_4$, $A_2 A_3 A_4 A_4, A_2 A_4 A_4 A_4, A_3 A_3 A_3 A_3, A_3 A_3 A_3 A_4, A_3 A_3 A_4 A_4$, $A_3 A_4 A_4 A_4, A_4 A_4 A_4 A_4$.

So apparently, per solution, this is wrong, because I assumed that $n$ different alleles resulted in an $n$ploid organism, which isn't the case.

For three alleles it would be $A_1 A_1, A_1 A_2, A_1 A_3, A_2 A_2, A_2 A_3, A_3 A_3$, which is 6 different genotypes.

For four different alleles it would be 10 different genotypes:

$A_1 A_1,A_1 A_2,A_1 A_3,A_1 A_4,A_2 A_2,A_2 A_3,A_2 A_4,A_3 A_3,A_3 A_4,A_4 A_4$

The general formula is $\frac{n (n+1)}{2}$ different genotypes, because it's just the upper half of the square again.

Problem 1.2

• For I: $0.0151+\frac{1}{2}0.0452+\frac{1}{2}0.0964=0.0859$
• For S: $0.4247+\frac{1}{2}0.3343+\frac{1}{2}0.0964=0.64005$
• For F: $0.0843+\frac{1}{2}0.3343+\frac{1}{2}0.0452=0.27405$

Checking, these three do sum to 1: $0.0859+0.64005+0.27405=1$.

Problem 1.5

setrgb(0;0;0)
grid([0.00001 1 0.1];[0 10 1])
xtitle("q")
ytitle("Ratio of heterozygotes to homozygotes")

plot({(2*(1-x))%x})

setrgb(0;0;1)
plot({(2*(1-x))%x})
text(200;200;"2p/q")

setrgb(1;0;0)
plot({2%x})
text(250;250;"2/q")

draw()

Problem 1.6

>>> import numpy as np
>>> import scipy.stats as sps
>>> freq=np.array([0.4247, 0.3343, 0.0843, 0.0964, 0.0452, 0.0151])
>>> expected=np.array([0.4096, 0.3507, 0.0751, 0.1101, 0.0471, 0.0074])
>>> sps.chisquare(freq, expected)
Power_divergenceResult(statistic=0.012244149537675565, pvalue=0.9999991214396423)

I guess? But checking the solution, I'm apparently wrong in multiple ways: 3 degrees of freedom, and the genotype frequencies need to be multiplied by 332 before conducting the test.

So, try again:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> import scipy.stats as sps
>>> freq=332*np.array([0.4247, 0.3343, 0.0843, 0.0964, 0.0452, 0.0151])
>>> expected=332*np.array([0.4096, 0.3507, 0.0751, 0.1101, 0.0471, 0.0074])
>>> sps.chisquare(freq, expected, ddof=3)
Power_divergenceResult(statistic=4.065057646508287, pvalue=0.13100381641660697)

Which is what the solution to the exercise says as well. I guess the problem is that I don't really know how to apply statistical tests (…yet. Growth mindset.)

Chapter 2

Problem 2.2

Written in Lua, and generalizing to more than 2 alleles.

-- number of individuals
N=260
-- number of generations
n=20
-- initial frequencies of the alleles
p={0.2, 0.4, 0.1, 0.1, 0.15, 0.05}
alleles={}
for i=1, #p do
    for j=1, math.floor(N*p[i]) do
        alleles[#alleles+1]="a"..i
    end
end
for i=1, n do
    nalleles={}
    for j=1, N/2 do
        a=alleles[math.random(#alleles)]
        nalleles[#nalleles+1]=a
        nalleles[#nalleles+2]=a
    end
    alleles=nalleles
end
table.sort(alleles)
print(table.concat(alleles, ", "))

Problem 2.5

p2.5::.oc("p2.5.eps")
.tc(p2.5)

setrgb(0;0;0)
grid([1 100 10];[0 150 30])

xtitle("N")
ytitle("t½")

setrgb(0;0;1)
plot({-ln(2)%ln(1-1%2*x)})
text(200;160;"-ln(2)/ln(1-1/2N)")

setrgb(1;0;0)
plot({2*x*ln(2)})
text(250;275;"2Nln(2)")

draw()

.fl()
.cc(p2.5)

These are, in fact, two different graphs, but the approximation is good enough that the difference between the two is not visible.

Problem 2.7

That would be $3*3000$ for one step (3 possible changes for every nucleotides).

For two mutational steps, it would be $3^2*{3000 \choose 2}$ (3 possible changes per chosen nucleotide, and two different nucleotides chosen from the whole allele).

For $n$ mutational steps, it would be $3^n*{3000 \choose n}$.

Problem 2.9

(The actual code doesn't contain the unicode symbols since either Klong or Postscript can't deal with them. Sad.)

p2.9::.oc("p2.9.eps")
.tc(p2.9)

setrgb(0;0;0)
grid([0 1 0.1];[0 0.0001 0.00001])

xtitle("𝓗")
ytitle("-Δ_N𝓗 and Δᵤ𝓗")

N::10^4
u::5*10^-5

setrgb(0;0;1)
plot({(1%2*N)*x})
text(200;200;"-Δ_N𝓗")

setrgb(1;0;0)
plot({2*u*1-x})
text(250;250;"Δᵤ𝓗")

draw()

.fl()
.cc(p2.9)

Does the same thing fall out of the math?

Let's see:

At least the intersection does.